5 Whys

When to use 5 Whys

Use this method when a team is facing a persistent problem and needs to identify the underlying cause before developing effective solutions. It's particularly useful when the initial problem statement feels vague or symptomatic.

What it solves

Superficial problem solving that only addresses symptoms, leading to recurring issues.

How to run 5 Whys, step by step

1. (5 min) Define the problem. As a group, clearly articulate the problem statement and write it visibly for all participants.
2. (2 min) Distribute sticky notes. Give each participant five sticky notes, numbered 1 through 5.
3. (10 min) Individual 'Why' generation. Instruct participants to individually write down their answer to 'Why is this a problem?' on sticky note #1. Then, for each subsequent sticky note, they should answer 'Why is the previous answer true?'
4. (10 min) Share and synthesize. Have each participant post their sticky notes in columns under the 'Why?' headings. Facilitate a discussion to identify common themes and differences.
5. (10 min) Refine the problem statement. As a group, use the insights gained to rewrite the problem statement, focusing on the root cause.

Materials needed

• Sticky notes
• Pens
• Whiteboard or flip chart
• Timer

Facilitator tips

• Encourage honesty and open communication. Remind participants that the goal is to uncover the truth, not to assign blame.
• Prompt participants to consider different perspectives and avoid jumping to conclusions.

Common pitfalls

• Participants may stop at the first obvious answer without digging deeper. Encourage them to keep asking 'Why?' even when they think they've found the root cause.
• The discussion can become accusatory if not facilitated carefully. Remind participants to focus on the system, not the individuals.

Variations

• Use a fishbone diagram to visually represent the 'Whys' and their relationships.
• Continue asking 'Why?' beyond five iterations if necessary to reach a meaningful root cause.

Running it online or hybrid

Use a virtual whiteboard like Miro or Mural to allow participants to collaboratively add sticky notes to the 'Why' columns.

What it produces

A column of 5 'Whys' that trace the problem back to its root cause, culminating in a revised problem statement.

Origin

Based on a game by Sakichi Toyoda, adapted by Gamestorming — source

Build a session around 5 Whys

METODIC places 5 Whys inside a complete, timed session plan — agenda, worksheets, facilitator guide and slides — matched to your group and goal.

Generate a session with 5 Whys · Try METODIC free