explore · Problem Solving · 45–90 min · 3-12 people · medium energy
Iceberg Model
The Iceberg Model helps teams uncover the root causes of problems by visualizing different levels of abstraction beyond immediate events. By exploring patterns, structures, and mental models, teams can identify leverage points for lasting solutions.
When to use Iceberg Model
Use this method when a team is stuck addressing surface-level symptoms of a recurring problem and needs to understand the underlying systemic issues.
What it solves
Recurring problems with no clear root cause; tendency to focus on immediate symptoms rather than systemic issues.
How to run Iceberg Model, step by step
- Introduce the Iceberg Model (5 min). Explain the four levels: Events, Patterns, Structures, and Mental Models.
- Define the 'Event' (10 min). As a group, clearly define the specific event or problem you are trying to address. Write it at the top of the iceberg.
- Identify 'Patterns' (15 min). Explore trends related to the event. What patterns have you observed over time? Document these below the 'Event' level.
- Uncover 'Structures' (20 min). Discuss the systems, processes, and policies that contribute to the observed patterns. Map these out below the 'Patterns' level.
- Explore 'Mental Models' (20 min). Investigate the underlying beliefs, values, and assumptions that shape the structures. Capture these at the base of the iceberg.
- Discuss Leverage Points (10 min). Identify potential interventions at each level, focusing on those that address the root causes (mental models and structures).
Materials needed
- Whiteboard or large paper
- Markers or pens
- Sticky notes (optional)
- Timer
Facilitator tips
- Encourage participants to challenge their assumptions and consider different perspectives.
- Remind the group that mental models are often unconscious and require careful reflection to uncover.
Common pitfalls
- Focusing too much on events and patterns without exploring deeper levels.
- Failing to identify the underlying mental models that drive the system.
Variations
- Use different colored markers for each level to visually distinguish them.
- Conduct individual brainstorming sessions for each level before sharing with the group.
Running it online or hybrid
Use a digital whiteboard like Miro or Mural to collaboratively build the iceberg. Ensure remote participants have equal opportunity to contribute to each level.
What it produces
A visual representation of the Iceberg Model, with each level (Events, Patterns, Structures, Mental Models) populated with relevant information.
Origin
Adapted from Untools — source
Build a session around Iceberg Model
METODIC places Iceberg Model inside a complete, timed session plan — agenda, worksheets, facilitator guide and slides — matched to your group and goal.