Psychology · Applies inside any activity; a single draw-and-explain exercise takes 10-20 minutes.

Dual Coding Theory (Paivio)

Dual Coding Theory proposes that people process information through two linked systems, a verbal system and a nonverbal (imagery) system. Information coded in both, with connections between them, is easier to remember and retrieve than information coded in only one.

When to use Dual Coding Theory (Paivio)

When introducing concepts, models or processes that need to be remembered, and when designing slides, handouts and visual templates.

How Dual Coding Theory (Paivio) works

Pair each key concept with a meaningful visual and build in moments where participants draw or map ideas and then talk them through.

Phases of Dual Coding Theory (Paivio)

  1. Verbal channel: Present the core idea in clear words, spoken or written. Keep text short so it can be linked to a picture.
  2. Nonverbal channel: Add a meaningful visual: diagram, timeline, map, object or concrete image. Decorative images do not count.
  3. Referential connection: Explicitly link word and image, for example by labelling a diagram or asking participants to explain a visual aloud.
  4. Learner-generated coding: Ask participants to draw, sketch or map the idea themselves and then explain it. Producing both codes strengthens memory.
  5. Retrieval from both codes: Later in the session, prompt recall through the image as well as the words, such as redrawing the model from memory.

Key principles

  • Two linked systems: verbal and nonverbal
  • Concrete, imageable content is remembered better
  • Connections between codes aid recall
  • Meaningful visuals, not decoration

Best for

  • Concept-heavy content
  • Slide and handout design
  • Visual note-taking and sketching activities
  • Language and vocabulary learning

Considerations

  • Not the same as learning styles; everyone benefits from both codes, and matching to a preferred style lacks evidence.
  • Abstract concepts are harder to image; use diagrams or concrete examples as anchors.
  • Too many simultaneous visuals and text can overload working memory (see Cognitive Load Theory).

Attribution & sources

Developed by Allan Paivio, 1971

Primary source

Design a session with Dual Coding Theory (Paivio)

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