Facilitation · Can be integrated into sessions of varying lengths, depending on the depth of exploration and the level of skill development required.
Model I and Model II
Model I and Model II are contrasting theories-in-use developed by Chris Argyris to describe how individuals typically behave in challenging situations. Model I is characterized by defensiveness and unilateral control, while Model II emphasizes collaboration, open communication, and mutual learning.
When to use Model I and Model II
This framework is particularly useful in situations where there is conflict, mistrust, or resistance to change. It can be applied in team-building exercises, leadership development programs, and conflict resolution workshops.
How Model I and Model II works
Facilitators can use this framework to help participants identify and address their own Model I behaviors, and to develop more effective Model II approaches. Activities can be designed to promote active listening, empathy, and constructive feedback, fostering a more collaborative and learning-oriented environment.
Key principles
- Valid information
- Free and informed choice
- Internal commitment
- Shared control and mutual influence
- Open communication and public testing of assumptions
Best for
- Improving interpersonal communication
- Building trust and collaboration
- Reducing defensiveness
- Promoting shared leadership
Considerations
- Requires a safe and supportive environment for participants to be vulnerable and honest
- Can be challenging for individuals to relinquish control and embrace collaboration
- Facilitator needs to be skilled in guiding difficult conversations and promoting empathy
Attribution & sources
Developed by Chris Argyris, 1985
Design a session with Model I and Model II
METODIC builds a complete Model I and Model II-based session — methods, timing, worksheets, and facilitator guides — in minutes.